Managing Pilot Fatigue

Managing Pilot Fatigue Introduction Most of the aviation accidents have been greatly attributed to pilot fatigue (Mohler, 1998, p. 1). This is because a pilot’s input into the aircraft is majorly dependent on his consciousness on the job. Therefore, in case one is fatigued, then this provides room for error in inputs (Smith, 2008, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Pilot Fatigue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Even though the technological advancements in flight systems of the current aircrafts have preventive mechanisms, without sleep and freshness, small effects of fatigue can greatly jeopardize flight safety. This is so because the duties performed by the pilot in the cockpit require a lot of vigilance, care as well as mental and physical well being. Effects of Fatigue on Pilot Performance There is a strong correlation between pilot fatigue and vulnerability to the pilot error. One of the effects that are rampant am ong fatigued pilots is cognitive fixation. This is the narrowing of attention that causes decreased concentration which numbs the pilot’s ability to multitask which is necessary skill in the aviation field. This inability to perform the necessary tasks at the same time neglects other important aircraft functionalities and may lead to malfunctioning of the aircraft which may cause a crash. Therefore, fatigue can highly lead to loss of the pilot’s situational analysis. (Jackson and Earl, 2006, p. 1) Fatigue also reduces the vigilance and alertness that is required by the pilot thus degrading situational analysis awareness. This causes reduced communications between the crew and the support team and this lack of coordination may have very negative effects on the airline’s crew resource management and may lead to loss of jobs as well as reduction in cadre levels of pilots (Printup, 2000, p. 1).Fatigue also leads to inconsistent performance by pilots which may put th eir careers in jeopardy as well. Fatigue among pilots can also be attributed to their inability to recall information which may be crucial in certain circumstances. This memory deficiency may lead a pilot to forget some of the important Air Traffic Control procedures and information thus putting the lives of many at risk (Mohler, 1998, p. 1). This causes cognitive slowing which results to the pilot’s inability to collect information, analyze it as well as integrate it efficiently. This also leads to impaired logical reasoning, impaired judgment as well as inability to make concrete decisions (Jackson and Earl, 2006, p. 1).Advertising Looking for essay on aviation? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Fatigue also leads to degradation in flying because the pilot’s perceptual abilities are impaired. It also causes reduced visual perception, loss of initiative and effort, vulnerability to plan continuation erro r in cases of impaired ability in recognizing a deteriorating situation in the aircraft and may often lead to depression (Printup, 2000, p. 1). Managing Pilot Fatigue In combating pilot fatigue, it is important to understand that pilots have irrevocable schedules and need more comprehensive fatigue management strategies that are in harmony with their schedules. It is also very important to note that most of the pilot fatigues are greatly attributable to the flight and duty time limitations that are mostly imposed by the airline regulators (Mohler, 1998, p. 1). According to Smith (2008), when the pilots are off-duty, they should consider obtaining at least eight consolidated and uninterrupted hours of sleep on a daily basis, maintain health as well as good balanced diet, exercise regularly, practice stress reduction techniques such as yoga and refrain from work that require heavy physical or mental input. When pilots are on-duty, they should make sure they alternate periods of activi ty and relaxation during flight. They should also consume moderate levels or amounts of caffeine if desired and food as well as water as regularly as they can so as to provide the body with the required energy levels which prevents the onset of fatigue that is usually caused by low blood sugar levels as well as dehydration (Mohler, 1998, p. 1). They should also engage in preplanned naps in the multi pilot cockpit environments so as to refresh their brains but this should be in conformity with the airline rules and policies. Conclusion If a pilot is not in a position to avoid duty when is fatigued, Jackson and Earl (2006) suggests that one should eat high protein foods coupled with a lot of water for it temporarily holds fatigue at bay, caffeinated beverages though moderate levels help in enhancing alertness and most of all making conversations with other crew members, making rounds and stretching is therapeutic enough to edge-off fatigue. But in a situation where a pilot may not fee l confident in his ability to fly due to fatigue, regardless of the schedules, one should not fly. This is to avoid putting the lives of many people at jeopardy including the legacy or image of the company on the spot in the event of an accident (FAA, 2009, p. 1).Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Managing Pilot Fatigue specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Reference List Federal Aviation Administration (FAA). (2009). Fatigue in Aviation. Pilot Safety. Retrieved from faa.gov/pilots/safety/pilotsafetybrochures/media/Fatigue_Aviation.pdf Jackson, A. and Earl, L. (2006). Prevalence of fatigue among commercial pilots. Oxford Journals. Retrieved from http://occmed.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/4/263.full Mohler, S. (1998). Pilot Fatigue Manageable, but Remains Insidious threat. Human Factors Aviation Medicine: Vol. 45: 1. Retrieved from smartcockpit.com/data/pdfs/flightops/humanfactors/Pilot_Fatigue.pdf Printup, M. (2000). The Effects of Fatigue on Performance and Safety. AirlineSafety.Com. Retrieved from airlinesafety.com/editorials/PilotFatigue.htm Smith, B. L. (2008). Pilot Fatigue Detection Using Aircraft State Variables. West Virginia University: College of Engineering and Mineral Resources. Retrieved from http://wvuscholar.wvu.edu:8881//exlibris/dtl/d3_1/apache_media/L2V4bGlicmlzL2R0bC9kM18xL2FwYWNoZV9tZWRpYS8xMzk3MA==.pdf

Teenage Pregnancy Pact - Teens Choose to Become Pregnant

Teenage Pregnancy Pact - Teens Choose to Become Pregnant Adult women old enough to have teenagers dont get it. But their teenage daughters do. Teen pregnancy has evolved from a shameful situation to a symbol of status in many high schools in the US, and moms of teenage daughters have seen this happen in their lifetimes. The June 2008 allegation that a teenage pregnancy pact may have existed at Gloucester High School in Massachusetts - resulting in 17 pregnancies in a school of 1200 students - rocked a town that counts among its residents a large Catholic population. The previous year, the school had only 4 student pregnancies in comparison. Of the girls who were pregnant at the time, none were older than 16. TIME magazine, which broke the story on their website on June 18, 2008, reported: School officials started looking into the matter as early as October after an unusual number of girls began filing into the school clinic to find out if they were pregnant. By May, several students had returned multiple times to get pregnancy tests, and on hearing the results, some girls seemed more upset when they werent pregnant than when they were, Sullivan says. All it took was a few simple questions before nearly half the expecting students, none older than 16, confessed to making a pact to get pregnant and raise their babies together. Then the story got worse. We found out one of the fathers is a 24-year-old homeless guy, the principal says, shaking his head. Teenage pregnancy is only part of the issue. Another more complicated aspect touches on legal and criminal issues - statutory rape and Romeo and Juliet laws (consensual sex between older and younger teens.) Engaging in sex with anyone under the age of 16 is a crime in Massachusetts. And as a June 2008 Reuters story revealed, a handful of the fathers are adults: ...[L]ocal officials said at least some of the men involved in the pregnancies were in their mid-20s, including one man who appeared to be homeless. Others were boys in the school.Carolyn Kirk, mayor of the port city 30 miles northeast of Boston, said authorities are looking at whether to pursue statutory rape charges. Were at the very early stages of wrestling with the complexities of this problem, she said.  But we also have to think about the boys. Some of these boys could have their lives changed. They could be in serious, serious trouble even if it was consensual because of their age not from what the city could do but from what the girls families could do, she told Reuters. And the teen pregnancies at Gloucester High School raise yet another hot-button topic - the idea of schools providing contraception. The Reuters article indicated that during the course of the school year, Gloucester High administered 150 pregnancy tests to students but, in a phone interview with Greg Verga, chairman of the Gloucester School Committee, discovered that the administration resisted efforts to prevent pregnancy: The school forbids the distribution of condoms and other contraception without parental consent a rule that prompted the schools doctor and nurse to resign in protest in May.But even if we had contraceptives, that pact shows that if they wanted to get pregnant, they will get pregnant. Whether we distribute contraceptives is irrelevant, said Verga . As parents agonized over what had happened in their town to their teenage daughters and were puzzled by a large number of pregnant girls, others understood why what was once a shunned condition now seems glamorous. Part of it may have to do with teen pregnancy films such as, which some have said glosses over the very real problems teenage moms face in favor of a hip Hollywood version of life as a baby mama. And part of it is rooted in the socialization of young girls and teens. Books, films and music bombard teens with the message that being loved are what really matters. For teens unsure about themselves and their relationships, the desire for some form of unconditional love leads many to think motherhood will satisfy that longing. As the TIME article observed: Amanda Ireland, who graduated from Gloucester High on June 8, thinks she knows why these girls wanted to get pregnant. Ireland, 18, gave birth her freshman year and says some of her now pregnant schoolmates regularly approached her in the hall, remarking how lucky she was to have a baby. Theyre so excited to finally have someone to love them unconditionally, Ireland says. I try to explain its hard to feel loved when an infant is screaming to be fed at 3 a.m. Sources: Kingsbury, Kathleen. Pregnancy Boom at Gloucester High.TIME.com, 18 June 2008.Szep, Jason. Teen pregnancy pact shocks Massachusetts city. Reuters.com, 19 June 2008.

INDUSTRY ANALYSIS PROJECTS Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

INDUSTRY ANALYSIS PROJECTS - Research Paper Example of this paper is to demonstrate how industry structure and environmental forces affect the competitiveness, profitability, investment opportunities and choice of strategies for the office furniture industry. Major processes and products of the industry are also covered in the paper, its NAICS code, and the value chain starting from the major inputs to the end user. The key success factors (KSFs) are also discussed and their relevance to the growth of the industry. The Canadian office furniture manufacturing industry deals with a wide range of products ranging from cabinets, bookcases, desks, chairs, filing cabinets and desks. The industry also manufactures store and office fixtures, including cafeteria countertops (except bathroom and kitchen), partitions and furniture parts (IBIS World, 2015). Customers may order furniture that is customized or predesigned. The furniture may also be sold assembled or unassembled depending on the destination market and the customer demands. Major activities in the industry include manufacture of office furniture, manufacturing showcases, lockers, shelving, and partitions. Additionally, the industry deals with custom architecture woodwork and special wood fixtures. Manufacturing is done in line with the North American Industry Classification System (NAICS). Canada is the second largest marketer of office furniture in the world and the leading exporter in the United States. The domestic production of furniture in Canadian markets has expanded over the years. The industry has greatly contributed to increased employment rates and is one of the factors helping to bridge the economic gap in the Canadian markets. The Canadian Office Furniture industry is classified under NAICS code 33721CA. Other related NAIC codes include 337110 for wood kitchen cabinet and countertops, 33712 for household and institutional furniture, and 337121 for household upholstered furniture. However, this paper deals specifically with office furniture under

Sex Discrimination in the UK Mobile Phone Industry Essay

Sex Discrimination in the UK Mobile Phone Industry - Essay Example But it is a certain believe that even if such misconceptions exist, it is the responsibility of the management to have them corrected rather than letting them prevail. The aim of this report is to present a case in terms of analysis of the mobile phone industry in the UK, by critically analyzing its environmental issues and prime focus being on the gender discrimination in the industry, which is becoming a leading issue in the organizations world over. Gender discrimination has its roots routed in the very basics of our society and has prevailed in the same for several decades or even more; probably from the time the first sexual harassment case was established, not in the court of law, but on the grounds of earth. However, the topic here is precisely focussed towards the issue relevant to the mobile phone industry in the UK. This industry has a good progressive and growing rate and is more professionally structured than many other industries across the world. the prime aim of targeting this industry is the fact that it has extensive ends of interactions with other industries and it also has some tremendous professionals employed like MBAs and Engineers, and so on. With the boosting growth in this industry, its call centre services have also expanded and outsourcing has taken placed in similar context. Thus, it has huge branches that spread from one end of the world to the other. Therefore, this industry has been chosen. The report conducts a brief literature survey and an extensive interview-cum discussion with around 20 employees of different mobile industry giants, with a 50:50 male-to-female ratio to ensure that the data is not biased and there is less sampling error with more random sampling. The key area that has been highlighted here is the feeling of employees that they are being discriminated based on gender differences, with the prime aim and objective being the same. Gender discrimination, over the years, has been very destructive for organizations on the whole by means of causing loss of motivation and trust amongst the employees over the management decisions leading to loss of productivity and loss of goodwill not just amongst the employees but amongst the other group of stakeholders as well. This has even led organizations into having law-suits filed by employees of the same, tarnishing the goodwill of the organization on the whole in one go. Thus, the said subject is considered of extreme importance for an organization, and thus it is being studied in this research with the focus on the most progressive industries in the world i.e. the mobile industry in the UK. Literature Review European Business Environment The European business environment is probably the most competent and competitive in the world, with the facts standing erect in cases of mostly all industries. This has always been recognized and respected by the European Union as well. With imposition of taxes, quotas, and duties, the local business has always been prevented and promoted towards steady and strong growth. European products

Ecosystem and Major Agricultural Land Essay Example for Free

Ecosystem and Major Agricultural Land Essay Today, biodiversity is exposed to a lot of fatal threats: destruction of habitat, pollution, over-exploitation and climate change. According to Ray Harris (2002), building cities on farmland leads the ruin of territory, for example those in California. He pointed out that nearly half of key major agricultural land in California is filled with buildings. Pearce and Williams (2008) also argued that the large areas of Brazilian rainforest have been wiped out, and this clearing forest for timber is one of the factors of the destruction of habitat. Biodiversity is also exposed to pollution. Pearce and Williams further stated that oil spilled in the sea kills animals and plants (2008). For instance, in France, Amoco Cadiz leaked about 0.25 million tons of crude oil in 1978, and it was the key damage to environment. Moreover, Chen et al conducted the research and discovered that the vulture population in India decreased due to over consuming insect killers from grass (2009). It showed using pesticides on farmland is harmful to ecosystem. Over-exploitation and climate change are also considered as hazards to biodiversity. In relation to over-exploitation, it can eliminate species, a position supported by Chen et al. They examined the research and observed that Cod died out Newfoundland in Canada in 20th century due to over-fishing (2009). Regarding climate change, higher temperatures can kill animal and plant species (Alvin, 2010). Hibernating animals may wake early due to the warm weather, and they are usually suffering from no food available.

A Career as an Animator Essay -- Career Research Paper

Animations are a series of drawings, computer graphics, or photographs of objects, like puppets and models, which are different from each to create a variety of entertainment for the audiences. Animations are what brings excitement and mystery, hooking the audience in through interest. It is a form of some sort of â€Å"magic† where things that aren’t real but from the imagination comes to life in front of people who live these mundane, ordinary lives, adding color to the eyes and mind. The creators of such amazing arts and creation are animators. Animators are people who create images such as drawings or computer generated things to come to life through graphics. This job is quite suitable for those who have creative artistic skills such as drawing or modeling, in addition to good computer skills in order to communicate with the audience with accurate detail of the images which contribute into the motion pictures. Work done by animators are everywhere; they are commonly found in films, shows, commercials, pop videos, computer games, websites and other sorts of media and entertainment. These works are done by obtaining images of each movement and, done in a certain way, it turns into some sort of amazing piece of the character’s or object’s actions. A standard animator is to be creative and artistic. Many artistic people go into the field of animation. Animation holds many advantages and opportunities. Multimedia artists and animators put their creative work on the Internet. If the images become popular, these artists can gain more recognition, which can lead to future employment or freelance work. With drawing and sculpting skills for stop frame animations, these artist should be patient to concentrate and passionate on what they ... ..." Animator Job Information. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2014. . (3) "Animator." - Job Description, Salaries, Benefits and Useful Links. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2014. . (4) "Summary." U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, n.d. Web. 09 Apr. 2014. . (5) "Animator: Required Education For a Career in Animation." Education Portal. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. . (6) "Best Animation Studios." - Top Ten List. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Apr. 2014. . (7)

Jet Blue Essay

(1) Jet Blue should have communicated in a more effective and efficient manner so as to restore and enhance its image. This practice involves making public appearances and using the media as a tool in conveying their effort to accept their mistakes and take the necessary actions so as this incident may not manifest again. At the same time, top management should ensure to keep its communication lines open and updated for changes so as to bolster and show its commitment towards mending the troubles brought about by the Valentine’s day issue. (2) It may be a feasible strategy to place David Neelman in public television because there are several positive and negative impacts that can be generated in the process. One optimistic view is that Neelman can help restore public confidence on Jet Blue and help legitimize and publicize the efforts that the company can make to prevent the issue from happening again. Another is that it helps appease angry customers by gaining the assurance and accountability of all the groups involved in the matter. On the other hand, one setback revolves around the change in perception of Jet Blue. This in turn can be manifested in how David Neelman will address the public and the issue on hand. (3) Seeing this alarming issue, one important advertising program must revolve on the idea of restoring customer and investor confidence in Jet Blue. At the same time, it must rethink its strategies surrounding treatment of customers and the overall approach of the airline given this scenario. Another way to enhance this initiative is to strengthen effort to inform the public about the efforts of Jet Blue to remain accountable and adaptive to such changes. (4) I feel that if the Customer Bill of Rights be implemented, an information campaign be actively presented to Jet Blue customers. Either this can be incorporated within the company website or employees undergo training to be oriented of this policy changes. In this aspect, I feel that this initiative can be supplemental for the company to regain its customer confidence and standing in the airline industry. At the same time, it can also put airline responsibility and accountability into the next level because it is now focused on customer preference. Seeing this, it can entice more people to patronize Jet Blue and solidify its growth amidst the crisis it faced.

Mexican Culture Essay

Food if one of the aesthetic identification of culture and tradition as it marks its progress from generation to generation, and history to history. Mexican cooking began with the arrival of humans in Mexico and as various cultures influence their cuisine, the tradition and cultural background of their menu have began to evolve. Mexican food, as we know it today, has had its primary origin in the 16th century from the introduction of European plants and food products by Spanish conquerors. This traditional mix-up has provided modification in their cuisine, which is currently evident in the Mexican food tradition. Aside from its exquisite delicacy and characteristics, Mexican food provides therapeutic function and use commonly in homemade treatment proceedings. The herbs and ingredients in the Mexican food are the key points for the provision of therapeutic action. Mexican herbs are unique in their own way. The characteristic of these herbs are the essential contributing factor for this therapy to be possible. In the course of our discussion, the Mexican culture, evidently in terms of food- wine and restaurants, shall be the primary focus of the study. The involvements of wine and food, in the sense of therapeutic action, as the primary traditional influence shall be elaborated and defined in the study. The influence of food and herbs in Mexican traditional therapy shall be also tackled in the course of discussion. Lastly, we shall explore the San Francisco California Bay and the Mexican celebration of Cinco de Mayo. The Mexican culture possesses a heritage in every unique aspect that greatly denounces its aesthetic value. Home or Traditional Therapies – Food and Herbs The Mexican traditions are composed of exquisite herbs and ingredients that provide therapeutic effects. The traditional home of Mexicans possesses no or less frequently refrigerating facility, supplies designed for classical lifestyle, and tradition rich in practical home-therapies; hence, they are more accustomed in their traditional therapeutic intervention utilizing their natural sources. In fact, Mexican possesses evident indulgence in their traditions that they prefer to have their food, and other home condiments in natural estate or made from nature-oriented proceeding. This greatly improves their health conditions, and provides them with practical source of therapeutic interventions. The basic feature of Mexican foods is its unique way of expressing its spiciness and traditional aroma. One of the spices that provide therapeutic effects in the body is the Capsaicin, which is a primary constituent of peppers such as the jalapeno and the habanero. Capsaicin has several uses, including use in personal defense sprays and as to relieve arthritis pain. When first applied to skin, capsaicin causes local heating and irritation. However, after repeated use, the area becomes desensitized to pain without loss of the sense of touch (Fox & Whitesell, 1997 p. 550). Capsaicin pepper has been found to work as an anticoagulant, thus possibly helping to prevent heart attacks or strokes caused by the formation of clots in blood vessels. It also stimulates the production of endorphins, which is the body’s natural painkillers, and kills the stomach bacterium known to cause ulcers. Another pepper is the Cayene, which is an important constituent of Mexican hot sauce. Cayene adds the spicy zip to many ethnic foods, such as Thai and Mexican food, and can be used in marinades and barbecue sauces. This pepper is rich in vitamin C, A, B-complex, E and other minerals (Balch, p. 147 2003). Another food ingredient of Mexican foods that possesses therapeutic aid is the pumpkin seeds. The seeds from the pumpkin, also known as pepitas, are popular ingredient in Mexican dishes, and are available with or without their shells. This pepitas provide essential means of treating constipation due to its fiber content. Moreover, it is blended with Mexican traditional recipes such as burittos or Nachos, not only to provide exquisite taste but also to institute unique flavoring. These pepitas are high in calories and insoluble fibers, which help primarily in inducing in digestive tract thereby facilitating decrease of occurrence of constipation (Gilbert, 2000 p. 178). In terms of Mexican wine, it provides unique blends of tradition served in stemmed glasses. Wine is the usual pair of Mexican foods in order to suit the spiciness of the dishes. Mexican wine classifications possess the usual red and white wine, which are primarily obtained from fruits mixed with spices. The northern end of Baja California is one of the places in Mexico that is known to brew wine at its best (Dumois, n. d). Citizens of Mazahua and Otoml living in Central Mexico drink pulque from childhood, because of both its nutritional properties and scarcity of water. Pulque is an alcoholic beverage obtained from maguey, which composes primarily of complex fruit sugars (Peele & Grant, 1999 p. 93). Wine quickens the pulse, raises the spirits, and prophylactic against disease and as a dietetic aid. It is also used as medicine in acute and chronic diseases. Wine is proven good for cardiovascular system, especially in reducing risks of arteriosclerosis or other cardiovascular-degenerative disorders. Food & Herbs Mexican Traditions Mexican diet of today is rich in a variety of foods and dishes that represent a blend of pre-Columbian, Spanish, French, and more recently, American culture. The typical Mexican diet is rich in complex carbohydrates, provided mainly by corn and corn products, beans, rice, and breads, The typical Mexican diet contains an adequate amount of protein in the forms of beans, eggs, fish and shellfish, and a variety of meats, including beef, pork, poultry, and goat. Because of the extensive use of frying as a cooking method, the Mexican diet is also high in fat. The nutrients most likely to be inadequately provided are calcium, iron, vitamin A, folic acid and vitamin C (Spark, 2007 p. 258). In many cultures, food has symbolic meanings related to family traditions, social status, and even health. Indeed, many folk remedies rely on food. Some of these have gained wide acceptance, such as the use of spices and herbal teas for purposes ranging from allaying anxiety to preventing cancer and heart disease. Mexicans use these herbal teas as dietary or reducing drinks to induce further or hasten metabolism as well as digestive functions. In fact, herbal teas are healthy enough that the old Mexican traditions practice its drinking almost everyday. This tea is composed of basic Mexican herbs, such as cinnamon, parsely, etc. , and blended with intrinsic Mexican spices; hence, some of their teas are blended with mild spiciness (Insel etal, 2004 p. 9). The traditional Mexican diet is rich in fresh vegetables, which are generally used only when in season. The spices used in Mexican cooking are common to many cuisines, and yet, there are a number of seasonings that are unique to Mexican food. Chile peppers are used as a dry spice as well as a fresh ingredient. There are many types, with the most common being ancho, habenero, jalapeno, New Mexican green, New Mexican Red, poblano and Serrano. These peppers range from mild, like poblano, to the extremely hot habanero. Other herbs and spices that flavor Mexican cuisine are anise, cilantro, cinnamon, clove, cumin, garlic, marjoram, Mexican oregano and thyme. The herbs and spices, particularly the Mexican oregano and chilli peppers, are used in various ceremonies and traditional celebrations. The chilli peppers are given to tests the spice tolerance of participants during fiestas. Oregano, on the other hand, is believed by locals to alleviate various diseases and administered via its boiled leaves. Oregano is another traditional Mexican her that cures fever, cough and colds, sore throat problems and sometimes used to treat bruises, insect bites and mild pruritic or fungal infection when used in topical preparation (Koeller & La France, 2005 p. 222). Another Mexican herb that provides utmost therapeutic effects is Ginger, which is technically a rhizome or underground stem. This is used in variety of meals ranging from simple porridge to complex traditional meal. Mexican ginger is good at alleviating gastrointestinal tract symptoms, such as motion sickness, gastric musculature or tachygastria and gastric immobility. It is usually prescribed by the locals for treating hyperacidity, and abdominal pains related to acidic conditions. Moreover, ginger is also used to treat conditions involving throat spasms by functioning as a throat relaxant and relieving throat irritation (Koeller & La France, 2005 p. 222). Mexican culture and tradition involves variety of herbs that are, basically, the ingredients of most of their traditional meal such as the ever-famous burritos and nachos, and the wines and teas provide therapeutic benefits as well. San Francisco California Bay The Mexican American population is evidently present in the San Francisco California Bay area. From the San Francisco’s Mission District to San Jose, Chicanos possesses the highest population index, ranging from 65% to 80% of the residents, in the San Francisco Bay Area. Mexican immigrants feel at home in these areas already even if they are living with American citizens. However, population project is one major problem occurring at this point. Demographic studies predict that the greatest population growth rates of Mexican immigrants will be from the influx of undocumented individuals. Mexican immigrants are also expected to have high fertility rates, creating a younger generation of American-born children whose immigrant parents make an â€Å"at risk† population (Gilbert, 2000 p. 178). Cinco de Mayo and Mexican Restaurants Talking now about the famous Mexican restaurants found in the area, Cinco de Mayo Taqueria is the starting point of discussion. The name of Cinco de Mayo meand 5th day of May in Spanish, and denotes a regional celebration or holiday. Although this is not an obligatory holiday, there are lots of individual going and participating in this one time per year celebration. Cinco de Mayo, or May 5, commemorates the Mexican victory over the French army at The Battle Of Puebla in 1862. It is not, as many people think, Mexico’s Independence Day, which is actually Sept. 16. During this Cinco de Mayo, many people are turning to tequila and cerveza, Spanish for beer, to celebrate another holiday that for some means nothing more than another excuse to drink exorbitant amounts of alcohol. Commonly misinterpreted as Mexico’s Independence Day, Cinco de Mayo’s meaning has been clouded by partying. In Mexico, Cinco de Mayo is celebrated throughout the country, especially in the state of Puebla and in Mexico City. Military parades complete with marching bands and traditional music, pay tribute to all the soldiers, civilians and heroes who gave their lives for their country. The celebration lasts all day, with food, dancing, mariachi bands, laughter and fellowship (McClenahan, 2005). Ironically, celebrations of Cinco de Mayo are more widespread and elaborate in the United States. Mexican American communities in states such as Texas, California, and Arizona celebrate this occasion with parades, fairs, marchias, folkloric dance, and the best of all is the Mexican cuisines (McClenahan, 2005). Moreover, Cinco de Mayo of 1989 illustrates how women worked to bridge ethnic and racial groups in a public way while expressing their own identities. Cinco de Mayo is an ethnic festival, which is the same as St. Patrick’s Day, that has transcended ethnic barriers. The Mexican community and even other ethnic diversion from different places and culture gather in this party. In the United States, Cinco de Mayo is a major cultural festival, wherever significant numbers of people boast Mexican descent. Throughout the Southwest, people of all ethnicities gather to eat Mexican food and drink Mexican beer, wine and other alcoholic beverages (McClenahan, 2005). People from other ethnic origins join this huge festivity every year and celebrate the Mexican culture. The basic interest of other ethnic groups in joining this celebration is rarely due to historical reasons, but most of the time, to celebrate the exquisite characteristics and features of Mexican culture. Reference Balch, P. A. (2003). Prescription for Dietary Wellness. Avery. Dumois, L. (n.d. ). INSIDE MEXICO – THE SERIES: THE SPIRIT OF WINE.Retrieved November 11, 2007, from http://www. mexconnect. com/mex_/travel/ldumois/ldcwine1. html Fox, M. , & Whitesell, J. K. (1997). Organic Chemistry. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Gilbert, M. N. (2000). Virtues of Soy: A Practical Health Guide and Cookbook. Upublish. com. Insel et. al, P. M. (2004). Nutrition. Jones and Bartlett Publishers. Koeller, K. , & La France, R. (2005). Let’s Eat Out! : Your Passport to Living Gluten and Allergy Free. R & R Publishing. McClenahan, B. (2005, May 5). Oregon students celebrate Cinco de Mayo. University Wire, (n. d. ). Central Mexican Culture. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Colibri: http://www. colibrimexicanbistro. com/ (n. d. ). Mamacita. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Mamacita: http://www. mamacitasf. com/ (n. d. ). Tres Agaves. Retrieved November 11, 2007, from Tres Agaves: http://www. tresagaves. com/about. html Peele, S. , & Grant, M. (1999). Alcohol and Pleasure: A Health Perspective. Psychology Press. Spark, A. (2007). Nutrition in Public Health: Principles, Policies, and Practice. CRC Press.

Do You Need an Appendix in Your College Paper - Proofed

Do You Need an Appendix in Your College Paper - Proofed Do You Need an Appendix in Your Paper? The debate over whether the human appendix does anything useful rages on. Much less controversial are the appendices you’ll find in a dissertation or thesis. These are definitely helpful! However, not every college paper needs an appendix. And if you do include one, you need to make sure you do it right. Here, then, is our guide to using appendices in academic documents. Do You Need an Appendix? You will only need appendices in your paper if you have a lot of extra material that doesn’t fit in the main body of the document. For instance, if you have conducted a survey, you might want to focus on certain data in the Results section of your paper. You can then pick and choose the key information, with the rest given in an appendix. This should be pointed to in the main text as follows: The full data shows that political engagement is increasing among those aged 18-24 years (see Appendix A). Your reader would then know to look in â€Å"Appendix A† for the survey results. If you do not mention an appendix in the main body of your paper, however, it probably doesn’t need to be there. What to Put in Appendices But what should go in appendices? The usual candidates include: Raw test data or results Graphs, charts, and tables Maps and illustrations Letters and emails Questionnaires and survey forms Interview transcripts The most important thing is that you only include non-essential information in appendices. If you rely upon something in your arguments, make sure to include it in the main body of your work. How to Format Appendices The correct format for appendices will depend on your school’s requirements, so make sure to check your style guide or ask your professor. As a general guideline, though, you should: Put appendices after the reference list at the end of your document Use a separate appendix for each type of information Clearly label each appendix with a letter or number, plus a title that tells the reader what it contains (e.g., Appendix A: Survey Results) Include all appendices in the table of contents at the start of your document If you do all of this, you should have a good set of appendices on your hands!

How to Read an Italian Menu

How to Read an Italian Menu If you’ve been to northern regions, like Milan, and the south of Italy, like Cosenza, you know that the items on restaurant menus won’t be similar and, depending on where you’ve chosen to eat, may be written in an Italian that isn’t so standard. That’s because each region of Italy, and oftentimes, individual cities, have their own piatti tipici, or traditional dishes. What’s more, sometimes the same thing can be called different things from the north to the south, like how the popularly-known is called schiacciata in Tuscany. Despite the variations you will most definitely encounter, there are some standards that you can learn about in advance when it comes to eating in Italy, and more specifically, being able to read an Italian menu. In this quick guide, we’ll go through the types of restaurants in Italy, how make a reservation, the order of Italian dishes during a meal, how to ask for the bill, and a few other cultural tidbits that may be useful for you. Types of Restaurants in Italy Autogrill - Roadside snack bar Pizza al taglio - Shop that sells slices of pizza cut by how much you want. Tavola calda - Informal restaurant, like a cafeteria as you often order buffet-style. Osteria - Informal restaurant, like a diner. Trattoria - Medium-priced restaurant that’s often family-run. Ristorante - Restaurant. You can learn some vocabulary that’s specific  to the dining experience here. If you want to learn some phrases that will help you find the most authentic restaurants and get the best recommendations, explore our article on Italian phrases thatll allow you to experience authentic Italian food. How to Make a Reservation While it’s not common practice to make reservations at all restaurants in Italy, it is recommended at places that tend to be busier or are the pià ¹ gettonate, the most popular. Youll, of course, have to know some common Italian phrases and how to say the time in Italian for this. To make a reservation for two people at 8:00 PM, use this phrase: Vorrei fare una prenotazione per due, alle otto. Order of Italian Dishes In Italy, dishes are usually served on separate plates in a specific order. In order of appearance on a typical menu there is: Lantipasto, which literally means before the meal and includes hot and cold appetizers, such as crostini  and  bruschetta.Il primo, or first course usually consisting soup.Il secondo, or second course, and is the main course.Il contorno, or side dish, which consists of vegetables such as (eggplant), (spinach), or (mixed salad).Il dolce, or dessert, which includes such favorite sweets as  tiramisà ¹, torta della nonna  (custard shortbread pie), or (custard of egg yolks with wine and brandy). Get the Bill (Or Should You Leave a Tip?) To ask for the bill, say: Il conto, per favore. Unless you ask, it’s not likely that they’ll bring the check to you. When it comes to tipping, by Italian law, gratuity is included in the bill, and extra tipping isnt necessary. Remember that a coperto - a cover charge - is included as well. If the service warrants it, feel free to leave your waiter a little extra. If you want the waiter to keep the change, say: Tenga pure il resto. Extra Tips In Italy, those milky concoctions - cappuccino and caffà ¨ latte - are consumed only at breakfast, so before 11 AM.Al dente means to the tooth, or slightly chewy. It is used to describe pasta and rice. The inside should be somewhat crisp-tender.Italians often say Buon appetito! or Enjoy your meal when the first course is served, and Salute! or To your health when toasting with a drink.Most likely you will have to purchase water. You’ll have a choice between bubbly water - frizzante or con gas - or regular water - liscia or naturale.

The Increasing Cost of Health Care as New Technologies are Introduced Research Paper

The Increasing Cost of Health Care as New Technologies are Introduced - Research Paper Example Moreover, implementing new medical technologies in any hospital or clinic is not an inexpensive procedure. This is because medical innovations in the medical sector are taking place at a time when the healthcare sector is also suffering from the scarcity of resources. This has resulted in a need for more rationing of resources, priority setting, and technology management elements. The economic assessment of medical technological innovations is important because it will likely expose the costs as well as consequences of using these innovations in a practical medical setting. Even though individual new medical technological innovations can, by themselves, decrease or increase spending and health care, it has been established that when combined together, they have caused the rise of healthcare costs. Technological innovations in the past decade have resulted in the use of new treatments for formerly incurable conditions such as A.I.D.S. and diabetes, while also effecting the use of new medical procedures for tackling secondary diseases as is the case with dialysis patients (Miller & Sim, 2004). Technological advancements have also resulted in the discovery of better quality methods of treating long-term medical conditions. Whether a newly discovered medical treatment will hike healthcare costs or decrease them is something that is dependent on factors such as its effect on the expanse incurred in taking care of an individual patient. The cost per patient also includes the reality of whether the patient will be hospitalized during the duration of the treat ment or not. The increase or decrease of healthcare costs when medical technologies are used is also dependent on how often the new technology will be used. For instance, new medical technologies created to cure untreatable diseases or survey the population for certain symptoms will mean that the technology will be used